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Nuremberg is the second city of Bavaria and the largest in Franconia, spread along the River Pegnitz in southern Germany. First mentioned in 1050, it grew around its imperial castle into one of the most important cities of the Holy Roman Empire, where every German king and emperor stayed, and in the age of Albrecht Dürer it was a great center of art, trade and craft.
Its old town, ringed by medieval walls, was badly damaged in World War II and carefully rebuilt. Red sandstone churches, half-timbered houses and the castle on its ridge still give it a medieval look, and every Advent the Christkindlesmarkt fills the main square with one of the most famous Christmas markets in the world.
Nuremberg also faces the darkest chapter of its past. The vast rally grounds of the Nazi party lie southeast of the center, and after the war the leading Nazi war criminals were tried in the city's Palace of Justice, sites that are now places of documentation and remembrance.
Nuremberg Castle is a group of medieval fortified buildings on a sandstone ridge above the old town of Nuremberg. With the city walls it is one of the most formidable medieval fortifications in Europe, and in the Middle Ages all German kings and emperors stayed there on their travels.
Albrecht Dürer's House in Nuremberg was the home of the Renaissance artist from 1509 until his death in 1528. Built around 1420 near the castle and the Tiergärtnertor, it has two sandstone stories under three timber-framed ones, and it has been kept as a memorial to the painter since 1871.
St. Sebaldus Church is one of the oldest and most important churches in Nuremberg, in front of the old city hall. Begun in 1225 as a Romanesque basilica and later enlarged in Gothic style, it is named after the hermit Sebaldus, patron saint of the city, and has been Lutheran since the Reformation.
The Nuremberg Toy Museum, founded in 1971, tells the cultural history of toys from antiquity to the present and is one of the best known toy museums in the world. It is set in an old patrician house on Karlstraße in the old town, a fitting home in a city long famous for making toys.
The Hauptmarkt is the main square of Nuremberg's old town, overlooked by the Frauenkirche and the Schöner Brunnen fountain. It holds a produce market, and every Advent it becomes the heart of the Christkindlesmarkt, one of the world's most famous Christmas markets, with about two million visitors.
The Schöner Brunnen, or Beautiful Fountain, stands on the Hauptmarkt in Nuremberg next to the town hall, a 14th-century fountain about 19 meters high in the shape of a Gothic spire. It was built by Heinrich Beheim from 1385 to 1396 and was encased in concrete during World War II to protect it.
The Frauenkirche, or Church of Our Lady, stands on the east side of the Hauptmarkt in Nuremberg, a Gothic church built between 1352 and 1362 for Emperor Charles IV. Inside are medieval works such as the Tucher Altar, and at noon a mechanical clock above its gable shows electors circling the emperor.
St. Lorenz is a great Gothic church in the south of Nuremberg's old town, dedicated to Saint Lawrence. Its nave was completed around 1400 and its choir by 1477, and the choir holds the hanging Angelic Salutation carved by Veit Stoss and the towering stone tabernacle by Adam Kraft.
The Germanisches Nationalmuseum in Nuremberg, founded in 1852, is the largest museum of cultural history in Germany. About 25,000 of its 1.3 million objects are on show, covering German art and culture from prehistory to today, and its entrance lies on the Way of Human Rights by Dani Karavan.
The Nazi Party Rally Grounds cover about 11 square kilometers southeast of central Nuremberg, where six Nazi party rallies were held between 1933 and 1938. The huge unfinished Congress Hall and the Zeppelin Field grandstand still stand, and are kept today as a place of learning.
The Documentation Center Nazi Party Rally Grounds is a museum in the north wing of the unfinished Congress Hall in Nuremberg. Its architect Günther Domenig drove a diagonal glass and steel walkway through the building, and its exhibitions explore the causes and consequences of Nazi rule in Germany.
The Palace of Justice in Nuremberg is a courthouse built from 1909 to 1916 that was chosen for the Nuremberg trials of 1945-1949, when leading Nazi war criminals were tried there. The Memorium Nuremberg Trials on its top floor tells the story of the trials, and the building is still a court.
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